Conservationists and the fishing and tourism industries must take pre-emptive measures to protect wildlife and livelihoods as the El Niño phenomenon amplifies marine heat waves already made more intense and frequent by climate change, scientists said on Wednesday.
The naturally occurring weather pattern originates in the Pacific Ocean and drives increased heat worldwide, bringing drought to some areas and heavy rains elsewhere.
The central and eastern Pacific, parts of the western United States, Ecuador, Peru and the Indian Ocean are most likely to be hit hardest by longer and intensified heat waves.
Historical data show these regions to be vulnerable to mass die-offs of marine habitats including coral reefs and kelp forests, nine experts wrote in a comment in the journal Nature.
Preparing for the heat waves in the months ahead would stave off or soften their consequences, buying precious time for species, ecosystems and connected industries to adapt, they said.
The extreme events “show us what the long-term future might be like under climate change, when these warm ocean temperatures will be experienced every day”, said report co-author Alistair Hobday.
“A combination of climate warming and extreme events will make life difficult for species that are already living close to their maximum tolerance,” like corals, he told AFP.
Authorities should set up warning systems so local communities can act, for instance, by relocating fish species to cooler waters, reducing harvest quotas, or closing fishing areas altogether, the scientists noted.
These can range from ocean weather forecasts reliable a week in advance to long-term climate projections that take into account manmade greenhouse gas emissions.
Improved forecasting that uses models combining ocean and atmospheric models, and assessing the accuracy of their predictions, is “crucial” for local biodiversity conservation, the experts said.
Indigenous and local communities should lead intensified monitoring and planning efforts as they are well placed to notice early changes in the environment, they added.
‘Permanent heat wave state’
Marine heat waves disrupt ecosystems, killing some species and forcing others to migrate to cooler waters.
The climate crisis could create a “permanent heat wave state”, meaning species and ecosystems can no longer survive in some regions, the authors wrote.
Catches can be reduced for several years, as happened in the crab and scallop fisheries off western Australia after a 2011 warming event.
Species migration can also affect fish market prices, employment and quota management.
Snorkeling and diving firms could reduce staff numbers during marine heat waves or change their activities to minimize job losses, the researchers suggested.
Adapting to climate change has taken on a greater role in public policy in addition to mitigating its effects.
At climate negotiations in Egypt last year, UN chief Antonio Guterres unveiled a five-year plan costing $3.1 billion to build a global early warning system for deadly and costly extreme weather events amplified by climate change.
El Niño events, which occur every two to seven years, are marked by warmer-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific near the Equator, and last about nine to 12 months.
This year has already seen unprecedented marine heat waves, with record-high temperatures measured in the Mediterranean, the North Atlantic and off Florida.
The current El Niño “could be as strong” as the previous one recorded in 2015-2016 but is developing more slowly, Hobday said.
More information:
Alistair J. Hobday et al, With the arrival of El Niño, prepare for stronger marine heatwaves, Nature (2023). DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-02730-2
2023 AFP
Citation:
Adapt now as hotter marine heat waves hit: scientists (2023, September 6)
