New geological data has given more insight into the rate and magnitude of global sea level rise following the last ice age, about 11,700 years ago. This information is of great importance to understand the impact global warming has had on the ice caps and on sea level rise.
The findings have been published in the journal Nature by researchers from Deltares, Utrecht University, TNO Netherlands Geological Service, Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), University of Leeds, University of Sheffield, University of Amsterdam, LIAG and BGR.
Better understanding of sea level rise
The new knowledge of the rate of sea level rise during the early Holocene offers an important point of reference for scientists and policymakers, especially as we are now faced with a similar situation with rapidly melting ice sheets due to global warming. The research provides valuable new insights for the future.
As a result of the current rise in greenhouse gas concentrations, climate models by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) expect sea levels to rise by several meters by 2300. Some scenarios indicate a rise of more than 1 meter per century. An important difference with the early Holocene is that the consequences of sea level rise are far greater today and in the future. This is due to a growth in population and the current presence of infrastructure, cities and economic activity.
Global sea level will rise rapidly in the coming century; perhaps by more than 1 meter. This is primarily caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (source: IPCC). Submerged peat layers from the North Sea show that these rates were seen in two earlier phases: 10,300 and 8,300 years ago. Ice sheets melted then due to rapid warming after the last ice age. © Deltares
Unique dataset in the North Sea region
Global sea level rose quickly following the last ice age. This was as a result of global warming and the melting of enormous ice caps that covered North America and Europe. Until now, the rate and extent of sea level rise during the early Holocene were not known due to a lack of sound geological data from this period.
Using a unique dataset for the North Sea region, the researchers have now been able to make highly accurate calculations for the first time. They analyzed a range of boreholes from the area in the North Sea that was once Doggerland, a land bridge between Great Britain and mainland Europe. This area flooded as sea level rose.
By analyzing the submerged peat layers from this area, dating them and applying modeling techniques, researchers showed that, during two phases in the early Holocene, rates of global sea level rise briefly peaked at more than a meter per century. By comparison, the current rate of sea level rise in the Netherlands is about 3 mm annually, the equivalent of 30 centimeters per century, and is expected to increase.
Drilling from the North Sea. In the center you can clearly see how a layer of brown peat is covered by a layer of gray clay, the moment (8,700 years ago) that this part of the North Sea was flooded. © Deltares
Marc Hijma on the ship that took the boreholes in the North Sea. © Deltares
Furthermore, until now there has been considerable uncertainty about the total rise between 11,000 and 3,000 years ago. Estimates varied between 32 and 55 meters. The new study has eliminated that uncertainty and it shows that the total rise was about 38 meters.
Marc Hijma, a geologist at Deltares and the lead author of the study, says, “With this groundbreaking research, we have taken an important step towards a better understanding of sea level rise after the last ice age. By drawing on detailed data for the North Sea region, we can now better unravel the complex interaction between ice sheets, climate, and sea level.
“This provides insights for both scientists and policymakers, so that we can prepare better for the impacts of current climate change, for example by focusing on climate adaptation.”
More information:
Marc Hijma, Global sea-level rise in the early Holocene revealed from North Sea peats, Nature (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-08769-7. www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08769-7
Citation:
Sea level rise after the last ice age revealed by new geological data (2025, March 19)
