At least two mass extinction events in Earth’s history were likely caused by the “devastating” effects of nearby supernova explosions, a new study suggests.
Researchers at Keele University say these super-powerful blasts—caused by the death of a massive star—may have previously stripped our planet’s atmosphere of its ozone, sparked acid rain and exposed life to harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
They believe a supernova explosion close to Earth could be to blame for both the late Devonian and Ordovician extinction events, which occurred 372 and 445 million years ago respectively.
The Ordovician extinction killed 60% of marine invertebrates at a time when life was largely confined to the sea, while the late Devonian wiped out around 70% of all species and led to huge changes in the kind of fish that existed in our ancient seas and lakes.
Past research has failed to identify a clear cause for either event, although they are thought to have been linked to the depletion of Earth’s ozone layer, which could have been triggered by a supernova.
The new study, published in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, found that the rate supernovae occur near to our planet is consistent with the timings of both mass extinctions.
The authors say it is a “a great illustration for how massive stars can act as both creators and destructors of life.”
That’s because supernovae are also known to spread the heavy elements that help form and support life across the universe.
Supernovae occur when massive stars reach the end of their lives, run out of fuel, cool off, and then collapse under the pressure of gravity. The explosions are the biggest humans have ever seen.
Lead author Dr. Alexis Quintana, formerly from Keele University and now at the University of Alicante, said, “Supernova explosions bring heavy chemical elements into the interstellar medium, which are then used to form new stars and planets.
“But if a planet, including the Earth, is located too close to this kind of event, this can have devastating effects.”
Dr. Nick Wright, from Keele University, added, “Supernova explosions are some of the most energetic explosions in the universe.
“If a massive star were to explode as a supernova close to the Earth, the results would be devastating for life on Earth. This research suggests that this may have already happened.”
The researchers came to their conclusion after carrying out a “census” of massive stars within a kiloparsec (around 3,260 light-years) of the sun.
They were studying the distribution of these massive stars, known as OB stars, to learn more about how star clusters and galaxies form by using the Milky Way itself as a benchmark, and the rate at which these stars form in our galaxy.
This census allowed the researchers to calculate the rate at which supernovae occur within the galaxy, which is important for observations of supernovae, and the production of supernova remnants and massive stellar remnants such as black holes and neutron stars throughout the universe.
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The data will also be useful for the future development of gravitational wave detectors, which are a useful tool for scientists studying the structure and origins of the universe.
As part of this, the research team calculated the supernova rate within 20 parsecs of the sun, or approximately 65 light-years, and compared this with the approximate rate of mass extinction events on Earth that have previously been attributed to nearby supernovae.
This excludes extinction events linked to other factors such as asteroid impacts or the ice ages.
Comparing these data sets, the experts found that their research supported the theory that a supernova explosion was responsible for both the late Devonian and Ordovician extinction events—two of the five known mass extinctions in Earth’s history.
“We calculated the supernova rate close to Earth and found it to be consistent with the rate of mass extinction events on our planet that have been linked to external forces such as supernovae,” Dr. Wright explained.
Astronomers believe about one or two supernovae—or possibly at a rate even lower than that—occur each century in galaxies like the Milky Way, but the good news is there are only two nearby stars which could go supernova within the next million years or so: Antares and Betelgeuse.
However, both of these are more than 500 light-years away from us and computer simulations have previously suggested a supernova at that distance from Earth likely wouldn’t affect our planet.
More information:
Alexis L. Quintana et al, A census of OB stars within 1 kpc and the star formation and core collapse supernova rates of the Milky Way, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Societyacademic.oup.com/mnras/article … 0.1093/mnras/staf083 . On arXiv (2025). DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2503.08286
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Royal Astronomical Society
Citation:
Violent supernovae ‘triggered at least two Earth extinctions,’ study suggests (2025, March 13)
