Naturalist John Muir called the Sierra Nevada “the Range of Light.” But a more ominous nickname, “the Range of Fire,” may lie ahead, according to new research from the University of California, Irvine. By 2040, as humans continue to change the climate, fire-conducive heat waves will become so common that the number of blazes throughout the Sierra stands to increase about 50 percent, researchers found.
The study is the first to link the outbreak of specific fires in the mountain range to daily temperature spikes. The authors behind the work, which appears in the journal Science Advances, hope their findings will help firefighters predict wildfire risks more accurately—and plan accordingly.
Although it’s widely known that heat waves often precede the ignition of wildfires, no previous study tracked the precise relationship between the two, said James Randerson, a UCI professor of Earth system science and study co-author. “Where our paper makes an advance is we’re able to show with data what happens to fire risk when the region experiences record-breaking temperatures.”
During summer, for each 1 degree Celsius rise in temperature, the chance of fire jumps 19 percent to 22 percent, the team found. “The risk increases exponentially as a function of daily temperature,” said lead author Aurora Gutierrez, a project specialist in UCI’s Department of Earth System Science.
Global warming is likely to exacerbate the situation. By the 2040s, average summer temperatures in the Sierra are expected to climb by 2 degrees Celsius, the researchers said.
“There’s a lot of heating already in the pipeline,” Randerson noted. “We’re looking at a worsening situation in the next few decades, and our work highlights the importance of rapidly expanding efforts to manage shrub and forest ecosystems to reduce threats posed by wildfire.”
To make their calculations, the researchers combined meteorological data with information on the day-to-day timing of fire ignitions and daily burned surface area from NASA satellites. The first time the scientists attempted the analysis, they found temperature had a strong effect on wildfires, but data from 2020 wasn’t yet available. When the team subsequently added in that year, which saw such blazes as the Creek Fire burn nearly 400,000 acres and the skies over places like San Francisco turn a hellish orange, the line on their temperature-wildfire graph shot off the axes.
“When we added the 2020 data, we had to change the scale,” Gutierrez said.
Heat waves can cause fuels like dead plant matter to dry fast, and “the risk of people accidentally starting a fire is exponentially higher on a hot day,” said Stijn Hantson, a former UCI project scientist and co-author of the paper. Hantson added that lightning strikes and human behavior—from tossed cigarettes to arson—are the sparks behind most wildfires in the Sierra. “Initial fire growth can be explosive, making fires that start on hot days very difficult to contain,” he said.
The ability to know exactly what kinds of temperatures tend to lead to the ignition of wildfires is fast becoming essential knowledge as warming continues to worsen, Randerson said.
The study thus promises to become a useful tool for fire managers and stakeholders who need fine-scale data on the relationship between heat waves and fires to improve predictive models as they prepare for each wildfire season. “We’re hoping to have those discussions with managers and stakeholders next,” Randerson said.
More information:
Aurora A. Gutierrez et al, Wildfire response to changing daily temperature extremes in California’s Sierra Nevada, Science Advances (2021). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe6417
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University of California, Irvine
Citation:
Fires in the Sierra Nevada likely to grow in frequency (2021, November 18)
