The graphite-diamond phase transition is of particular interest for fundamental reasons and a wide range of applications.
On very fast compression time scales, material kinetics hinder the transition from graphite to the equilibrium cubic diamond crystal structure that we commonly know as diamond. Shock wave compression of graphite typically requires pressures above 50 GPa (500,000 atmospheres) to observe the phase transition on the time scale of shock compression experiments. Further, the hexagonal polytype of diamond called Lonsdaleite has been observed in shock compressed material subsequent to meteorite impact events, suggesting that the time scale of compression plays a strong role in the phase transition.
In new experiments, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) scientists have emulated the conditions of Lonsdaleite formation using picosecond time scale laser compression and observed the transition with state-of -the-art material characterization using femtosecond X-ray pulses.
The observation of Lonsdaleite subsequent to shock compression has been a persistent mystery, including debate over whether hexagonal diamond exists as an extended structure, or is cubic diamond with defects. Previous studies of the phase transition of graphite to diamond or Lonsdaleite under moderate shock compression support a diffusionless mechanism for the phase transition, but these studies did not observe atomic structure through the transition, so the transformation mechanism was not revealed.
“Lonsdaleite is formed under rapid compression—unique to shock compression,” said LLNL scientist Mike Armstrong, lead-author of a paper appearing in a special Shock Behavior of Materials issue of the Journal of Applied Physics. “There has been speculation for decades about the mechanisms and intermediate states of this phase transition and why it only forms under rapid compression. Here we show that the Lonsdaleite structure is likely an intermediate state in the phase transition to cubic diamond.”
In the experiments, the team used the unique capability of the Matter in Extreme Conditions instrument on the Linac Coherent Light Source to explore the phase transition behavior of carbon subsequent to a picosecond scale compression shock rise followed by ~100 ps of sustained compression. Ultrafast compression experiments have been used to investigate previously unknown states of matter under extreme elastic compression, sub-100 ps diffusionless phase transitions and strain rate dependent shock induced chemistry, but the response of graphite to ultrafast compression has not previously been investigated on picosecond time scales.
“These experiments are analogous to early time domain experiments to identify the transition state in physical chemistry,” Armstrong said. “Due to the very short observation time scale, this experiment has the capability to observe short-lived phase transition intermediates, analogous to the transition state in chemical reactions.”
Team members saw a phase transition where the product phase is strongly correlated to the initial phase. They observed highly textured, nearly single crystal product within 20 ps after compression.
“This confirms early speculation that this phase transition is diffusionless, and that Lonsdaleite may be an intermediate, even in the transformation to the equilibrium final state, cubic diamond,” said LLNL scientist Harry Radousky, a co-author of the study. “This experiment addresses decades of speculation about the nature of this phase transition, which has been the subject of considerable theoretical work.”
The experiments achieved the time and length scales of state-of-the-art simulations, which are normally extrapolated to compare with longer time scale experiments.
More information:
Michael R. Armstrong et al, Highly ordered graphite (HOPG) to hexagonal diamond (lonsdaleite) phase transition observed on picosecond time scales using ultrafast x-ray diffraction, Journal of Applied Physics (2022). DOI: 10.1063/5.0085297
Provided by
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Citation:
Graphite changes to hexagonal diamond in picoseconds (2022, August 8)